| #PCDATA | The keyword #PCDATA derives historically from the term "parsed character data. Parsed Character Data is text that will be examined by the parser for entities and markup. Parsed character data should not contain any &, <, or > characters; these need to be represented by the & < and > entities, respectively. |
| Attribute | XML structural construct. A name-value pair within a tagged element that modifies certain features of the element. For XML, all values must be enclosed in quotation marks. |
| 4Suite | Open source tools for standards-based XML and object-database development in Python |
| ABNF | A modified version of Backus-Naur Form (BNF) |
| ADT | A mathematical formalism for defining the characteristics of a certain data type, without revealing the underlying model, let alone any concrete implementation in a computer program. An ADT defines exactly what is required of an implementation, and, by omission, also what is not required. |
| aecXML | An XML-based language used to represent information in the Architecture, Engineering and Construction (AEC) industry. |
| AF | The band of frequencies (approximately 20 Hz to 20 kHz) that, when transmitted as acoustic waves, can be heard by the normal human ear. |
| AIML | Astronomical Instrument Markup Language |
| Amaya | Amaya is a browser/authoring tool. It is used to demonstrate and test many of the new developments in Web protocols and data formats. Amaya is an open source software project hosted by W3C |
| Ancestor | The ancestors of the context node consist of the parent of context node and the parent's parent and so on; thus, the ancestor axis will always include the root node, unless the context node is the root node |
| ANSI | ANSI has served in its capacity as administrator and coordinator of the United States private sector voluntary standardization system for more than 80 years. Founded in 1918 by five engineering societies and three government agencies, the Institute remains a private, nonprofit membership organization supported by a diverse constituency of private and public sector organizations. |
| Apache HTTP Server | The Apache Project is a collaborative software development effort aimed at creating a robust, commercial-grade, featureful, and freely available source code implementation of an HTTP (Web) server. The project is jointly managed by a group of volunteers located around the world, using the Internet and the Web to communicate, plan, and develop the server and its related documentation. These volunteers are known as the Apache Group. In addition, hundreds of users have contributed ideas, code, and documentation to the project |
| API | An API is a means of attaching user supplied software to an existing system. APIs provide flexibility as they allow local customizations and extensions to be made. APIs in general can be as simple as call to a user supplied program or as complex as a large set of function that user software can call to interact with a system |
| Application/ XML | Every XML entity is suitable for use with the application/xml media type without modification. |
| Area Tree | Formatting consists of the generation of a tree of geometric areas, called the area tree. The geometric areas are positioned on a sequence of one or more pages (a browser typically uses a single page). Each geometric area has a position on the page, a specification of what to display in that area and may have a background, padding, and borders. For example, formatting a single character generates an area sufficiently large enough to hold the glyph that is used to present the character visually and the glyph is what is displayed in this area. These areas may be nested. For example, the glyph may be positioned within a line, within a block, within a page. |
| ASF | The Apache Software Foundation (ASF) is a not-for-profit corporation, incorporated in Delaware, USA, in June of 1999. The ASF is a natural outgrowth of The Apache Group, a group of individuals that was initially formed in 1995 to develop the Apache HTTP Server. |
| ASN.1 | A standard that defines a formalism for the specification of abstract data types. |
| ASP(Application Service Provider) | An organization that remotely hosts manages and delivers applications and computer services to customers from an off-site, centralized location. Customers can access these application either by private lines or over the Internet |
| ASP(ActiveX Server Pages) | a Microsoft CGI-like
technology that allows you to create dynamically generated web pages from
the server side using a scripting language such as VBScript or JavaScript.
It has certain built-in 'objects' that can be used to store and retrieve variables, get information from user submitted forms, get information about the server itself and, of course, write HTML based on this information. ASP also allows you to run objects on the server which provide access to ODBC compliant databases through ActiveX Data Objects or custom components which provide any function or service that can be programmed in Windows. |
| ASR() | Automatic Speech Recognizer |
| AxKit | A Microsoft CGI-like
technology that allows you to create dynamically generated web pages from
the server side using a scripting language such as VBScript or JavaScript.
It has certain built-in 'objects' that can be used to store and retrieve variables, get information from user submitted forms, get information about the server itself and, of course, write HTML based on this information. ASP also allows you to run objects on the server which provide access to ODBC compliant databases through ActiveX Data Objects or custom components which provide any function or service that can be programmed in Windows. |
| B2B | Business to business |
| B2C | Business to Customer |
| Backward Compatible | Design that continues to work with earlier versions of a language, program, etc. |
| BibilioML | An XML application for bibliographic records, based on the Unimarc Bibliographic Format, and for authority records, based on UNIMARC / Authorities |
| BizTalk | An industry initiative started by Microsoft |
| BMP(graphics) | Format of a graphic
file - Bitmap Format.
It efficiently stores mapped or unmapped RGB graphics data with pixels 1-, 4-, 8-, or 24-bits in size. Data may be stored raw or compressed using a 4-bit or 8-bit RLE data compression algorithm. |
| BMP(Basic Multilingual Plane) | A subset of the full UCS that may be encoded in 16 bits, so providing for a total of 65,536 character positions of which so far a large proportion have been allocated. The full UCS allows for 31-bit coding (there is a 32nd bit that is constrained to be zero) and so provides for over two thousand million characters. It should therefore have ample space to fulfill its intention of covering all languages. |
| BNF(Backu-Naur Form) | A convenient means for writing down the grammar of a context-free language |
| BPML(Business Precess Modeling Language) | An XML Schema that provides a standard way to model mission-critical business processes. BPML covers dimensions of business process modeling that are specific to processes internal to the enterprise, including business rules, security roles, distributed transactions, compensating transactions, and exception handling. As such BPML bridges the gap between legacy IT infrastructures and emerging business-to-business collaboration protocols such as RosettaNet, BizTalk, and ebXML. |
| BPQL(Business Process query Language) | BPQL defines a standard interface to Business Process Management Systems (BPMS). |
| Bugzilla | Bugzilla is a database for bugs. It lets people report bugs and assigns these bugs to the appropriate developers. Developers can use bugzilla to keep well as to prioritize, schedule and track dependencies |
| BXXP(Blocks Extensible Exchange Protocol) | BXXP is a protocol
framework for Internet applications.
The protocol framework supports the following three things: 1.Authentication 2.Transport security 3.Data communication and uses XML as a base format for communication |
| Byte String | A byte string is a sequence of bytes representing characters in a particular encoding. This corresponds to a CES. As a definition for a string, this definition is most often useless, except when the textual nature is unimportant and the string is considered only as a piece of opaque data with a length in bytes. |
| C# | C# is a modern, object-oriented language that enables programmers to quickly build a wide range of applications for the new Microsoft .NET platform |
| C++ | C++ is a general purpose programming language with a bias towards systems programming that is a better C, supports data abstraction, supports object-oriented programming, and supports generic programming. |
| CC/PP(Composite Capabilities/Preference Profiles) | CC/PP specify how client devices express their capabilities and preferences (the user agent profile) to the server that originates content (the origin server). The origin server uses the "user agent profile" to produce and deliver content appropriate to the client device. In addition to computer-based client devices, particular attention is being paid to other kinds of devices such as mobile phones. |
| CCS(Coded Character Set) | Each character in the repertoire is associated with a (mathematical, abstract) non-negative integer, the code point (also known as a character number). The result, a mapping from the repertoire to the set of non-negative integers, is called a coded character set (CCS). |
| CDATA(in XML) | CDATA sections may occur anywhere character data may occur; they are used to escape blocks of text containing characters, which would otherwise be recognized as markup. CDATA sections begin with the string "<![CDATA[" and end with the string "]]> |
| CDF(Channel Definition Format | Channel Definition Format (CDF) elements are used with Active Channels[tm], Active Desktop[tm] items, and Software Update Channels |
| CDF(Common Data Format) | It is a conceptual data abstraction for storing, manipulating, and accessing multidimensional data sets. The basic component of CDF is software programming interface that is a device-independent view of the CDF data model. The application developer is insulated from the actual physical file format for reasons of conceptual simplicity, device independence, and future expandability. CDF files created on any given platform can be transported to any other platform onto which CDF is ported and used with any CDF tools or layered applications. |
| CDISC(Clinical Data Interchange Standards Consortium) | CDISC is an open, multidisciplinary, non-profit organization committed to the development of industry standards to support the electronic acquisition, exchange, submission and archiving of clinical trials data and metadata for medical and biopharmaceutical product development. The mission of CDISC is to lead the development of global, vendor-neutral, platform independent standards to improve data quality and accelerate product development in our industry |
| CEF(Character Encoding Form) | To enable use in computers, a suitable base datatype is identified (such as a byte, a 16-bit wide or other) and a character encoding form (CEF) is used, which encodes the abstract integers of a CCS into sequences of the code units of the base datatype. The encoding form can be extremely simple (for instance, one which encodes the integers of the CCS into the natural representation of integers of the chosen datatype of the computing platform) or arbitrarily complex (a variable number of code units, where the value of each unit is a non-trivial function of the encoded integer). |
| CES(Character Encoding Scheme) | To enable transmission
or storage using byte-oriented devices, a serialization scheme or character-encoding
scheme (CES) is next used.
A CES maps the integers of one or more CCSes to well-defined sequences of bytes, taking into account the necessary specification of byte-order for multi-byte base datatypes and including in some cases switching schemes between multiple CCSes (an example is ISO 2022). A CES, together with the CCSes it is used with, is identified by an IANA charset identifier. Given a sequence of bytes representing text and a charset identifier, one can in principle unambiguously recover the sequence of characters of the text. |
| CFML(ColdFusion Markup Language) | Developing applications with ColdFusion does not require coding in a traditional programming language; instead, you build applications by combining standard HTML with a straightforward server-side markup language, the ColdFusion Markup Language (CFML). |
| CGI(Common Gateway Interface) | A standard for interfacing external applications with information servers, such as HTTP or Web servers. A plain HTML document that the Web daemon retrieves is static, which means it exists in a constant state: a text file that doesn't change. A CGI program, on the other hand, is executed in real-time, so that it can output dynamic information. |
| CGM(Computer Graphics MetaFile) | CGM has been an ISO standard for vector and composite vector/raster picture definition since 1987. CGM has a significant following in technical illustration, interactive electronic documentation, geophysical data visualization, amongst other application areas and is widely used in the fields of automotive engineering, aeronautics, and the defense industry. |
| Character | A character is an atomic unit of text as specified by ISO/IEC 10646 [ISO/IEC 10646] (see also [ISO/IEC 10646-2000]). Legal characters are tab, carriage return, line feed, and the legal characters of Unicode and ISO/IEC 10646. |
| Character Entity (SGML) | A character entity reference is an SGML construct that references a character of the document character set. |
| Character Data | XML structural construct. The text content of an element or attribute. XML differentiates this plain text from markup. In the XML OM, character data is stored in text nodes, which are implemented as DOMText objects. |
| Character Set | A mapping of a set of characters to their numeric values. For example, Unicode is a 16-bit character set capable of encoding all known characters; it is used as a worldwide character-encoding standard. |
| Character Entity(XML) | A character reference refers to a specific character in the ISO/IEC 10646 character set for example one not directly accessible from available input devices. |
| Character String | A character string is a sequence of characters; each represented by a code point in [Unicode]. This is usually what programmers consider to be a string, although it does not match exactly the user perception of characters. This is the highest layer of abstraction that ensures interoperability with very low implementation effort. |
| Chrome | That part of the application
window that lies outside of a window's content area.
Toolbars, menu bars, progress bars, and window title bars are all examples of elements that are typically part of the chrome. |
| CHTML(I-mode compatible) | I-mode-compatible HTML is based on a subset of HTML 2.0, HTML 3.2 and HTML 4.0 specifications that was extended by NTT DoCoMo with tags for special use on cell phones, such as the "tel:" tag, which is used to hyperlink a telephone number and let users initiate a call by clicking on a link |
| CICS | CICS is IBM's general-purpose online transaction processing (OLTP) software. It is a powerful application server that runs on a range of operating systems from the smallest desktop to the largest mainframe. |
| CIML(Customer Identity Markup Language) | In a customer driven world, managing the quality of customer data is extremely important. As such there is no industry standard that addresses customer information quality management. We have now developed an XML language called CIML that helps to standardize customer data. NAML is a subset of CIML. You need to have both the CIML and NAM-CIML DTDs if the XML data is based on CIML. |
| Commerce Interchange Pipeline (CIP) | An infrastructure used by Microsoft® Site Server Commerce Edition to exchange data between applications in XML over HTTP |
| CoABS(Control oF Agent Based System) | CoABS is aimed at
building taskable software robots.
The CoABS Grid is a framework for federating heterogeneous agent systems. It is designed to meet the challenges of the military environment, as well as address the heterogeneity among the participating agent research communities. Although the CoABS Grid is being developed with a military application in mind, it is a general-purpose agent framework with potential use by a wide variety of applications. |
| Cocoon | XML-based web publishing, in Java |
| Comment(X ML) | Comments may appear anywhere in a document outside other markup; in addition, they may appear within the document type declaration at places allowed by the grammar. They are not part of the document's character data; an XML processor may, but need not, make it possible for an application to retrieve the text of comments. |
| Content(XML) | The text between the start-tag and end-tag is called the element's content |
| Content Developer | Someone who authors Web pages or designs Web sites. |
| cookie | The HTTP Working Group of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) is in the process of standardizing what are often referred to as (Netscape) "cookies". Cookies are a way for a server to sustain a stateful session by passing information back to a user agent; the user agent returns the information back to the server on its next visit. |
| CORBA(Common Object Request Broker Architecture) | CORBA is OMG's open, vendor-independent architecture and infrastructure that computer applications use to work together over networks. Using the standard protocol IIOP, a CORBA-based program from any vendor, on almost any computer, operating system, programming language, and network, can interoperate with a CORBA-based program from the same or another vendor, on almost any other computer, operating system, programming language, and network. |
| CR(W3C Candidate Recommendation) | A Candidate Recommendation
has received significant review from its immediate technical community
(resulting from the Last Call). Advancement of a document to Candidate
Recommendation is an explicit call to those outside of the related Working
Groups or the W3C
Itself for implementation and technical feedback. There is no requirement that a Working Draft have two independent and interoperable implementations to become a Candidate Recommendation. Instead, this is the phase at which the Working Group is responsible for formally acquiring that experience or at least defining the expectations of implementation. |
| CrossFire(CrossFire Beilstein database) | The most comprehensive resource available electronically, containing fully searchable chemical structures and reactions, associated chemical and physical properties, and detailed pharmacological and ecological data. |
| CSOR(Computer Security Objects Register) | Information objects that convey information used to maintain the security of resources in computerized environments are known as Computer Security Objects (CSOs). The Computer Security Objects Register (CSOR) specifies names that uniquely identify CSOs. These unique names are used to reference these objects in abstract specifications and during the negotiation of security services for a transaction or application. The CSOR is also a repository of parameters associated with the registered objects. |
| CSS | A simple mechanism for adding style (e.g. fonts, colors, and spacing) to Web documents. |
| CSS1 | A simple style sheet
mechanism that allows authors and readers to attach style (e.g. fonts,
colors and spacing) to HTML documents.
The CSS1 language is human readable and writable, and expresses style in common desktop publishing terminology. |
| CSS2 | A style sheet language
that allows authors and users to attach style (e.g., fonts, spacing, and
aural cues) to structured documents (e.g., HTML documents and XML applications).
CSS2 builds on CSS1 and, with very few exceptions, all valid CSS1 style sheets are valid CSS2 style sheets. CSS2 supports media-specific style sheets so that authors may tailor the presentation of their documents to visual browsers, aural devices, printers, braille devices, handheld devices, etc. |
| CVS(Concurrent Version Systems) | A version control
system, and important component of Source Configuration Management (SCM).
Using it, you can record the history of sources files, and documents. |
| CWM(Common Warehouse Metamode) | A specification that describes metadata interchange among data warehousing, business intelligence, knowledge management and portal technologies. |
| DAML(DARPA Agent Markup Language) | The goal of DAML program is creation of a language and tools to facilitate the Semantic Web |
| Data Binding | The process of associating the objects or controls of an application to a data source. A control associated with a data source is called a databound control. Data binding can be used to move XML-based data elements into HTML for display, essentially merging data into an HTML presentation template. The contents of a databound control are associated with values from a database. For example, a grid control that is bound to a Recordset object can be updated when the rows in the Recordset are updated. When new values are retrieved by the Recordset, new values are displayed in the grid. |
| Data Island | A proposed format for putting XML-based data inside HTML pages (<XML> or <SCRIPT language="XML">). HTML is used as the primary document or display format, and XML is used to embed data within the document |
| DBMS | A database management system (DBMS), or simply a database system (DBS), consists of a collection of interrelated and persistent data (usually referred to as the database and a set of application programs used to access, update and manage that data |
| DBS | A database management system (DBMS), or simply a database system (DBS), consists of a collection of interrelated and persistent data (usually referred to as the database and a set of application programs used to access, update and manage that data. |
| DC(Dublin Core) | The Dublin Core metadata standard is a simple yet effective element set for describing a wide range of networked resources. The Dublin Core standard comprises fifteen elements, the semantics of which have been established through consensus by an international, cross-disciplinary group of professionals from librarianship, computer science, text encoding, the museum community, and other related fields of scholarship. |
| DCD( Document Content Description for XML) | This document proposes a structural schema facility, Document Content Description (DCD), for specifying rules covering the structure and content of XML documents. The DCD proposal incorporates a subset of the XML-Data Submission [XML-Data] and expresses it in a way which is consistent with the ongoing W3C RDF (Resource Description Framework) [RDF] effort; in particular, DCD is an RDF vocabulary. DCD is intended to define document constraints in XML syntax; these constraints may be used in the same fashion as traditional XML DTDs. DCD also provides additional properties, such as basic datatypes. |
| DCMI (Dublin Core Metadata Initiative) | Dublin Core Metadata Initiative |
| DDML (Document Definition Markup Language) | This document proposes Document Definition Markup Language (DDML), a schema language for XML documents. DDML encodes the logical (as opposed to physical) content of DTDs in an XML document. This allows schema information to be explored and used with widely available XML tools. |
| decimal arithmetic | Most computers today
support binary floating point in hardware. While suitable for many purposes,
this form of arithmetic is inappropriate for the financial and commercial
applications, which are at the core of electronic business.
The problems of binary floating point can be avoided by using base 10 (decimal) exponents. This site describes an arithmetic, which achieves the desired results while conforming to the relevant ANSI and IEEE standards. |
| deprecated | A deprecated element or attribute is one that has been outdated by newer constructs. Deprecated elements may become obsolete in future versions of HTML. Authors should avoid using deprecated elements and attributes. User agents should continue to support for reasons of backward compatibility. |
| descendant | A child or a child of a child and so on; thus the descendant axis never contains attribute or namespace nodes. |
| DHTML | DHTML is the marketing term applied to a mixture of standards including HTML, style sheets, the Document Object Model [DOM1] and scripting. However, there is no W3C specification that formally defines DHTML. |
| Diffuse | The objective of the
Diffuse project is to provide a single, value-added, entry point to up-to-date
reference and guidance information on available and emerging standards
and specifications that facilitate the electronic exchange of information.
The Diffuse project has been set up to provide neutral reporting on developments relating to standards and specifications in support of Key Action II (New Methods of Work and Electronic Commerce) and Key Action III (Multimedia Content and Tools) of the European Commission's Information Society Technologies (IST) program. |
| Disco(Discovery of Web Services) | Discovery of Web Services |
| DLML (Description Logic Markup Language) | DLML is not a language but rather
a system of DTDs that allows to encode many (if not all) description logics
in the same framework.
The goal of DLML is to encode description logics expressions into XML. For instance, the sentence "All CSmaster students are bachelor students whose advisor is computer scientist" is phrased in description logics by the expression: CSMasterStudents < (and Bachelor Student (all advisor ComputerScientist)) |
| dmoz (Open Directory Project) | The dmoz goal is to produce the most comprehensive directory of the web, by relying on a vast army of volunteer editors. |
| DNPR (Digital Newsphoto Parameter Record) | The Digital Newsphoto Parameter Record (DNPR) is an early file format that specifies technical parameters for digital news images. It has largely been superceded by other de-facto standards such as TIFF and JFIF. |
| DocBook | DocBook is particularly well suited
to books and papers about computer hardware and software (though it is
by no means limited to these applications).
It is a DTD maintained by the DocBook Technical Committee of OASIS. |
| DOCTYPE | DOCTYPE starts document type declaration:
<!DOCTYPE greeting SYSTEM "hello.dtd"> The XML document type declaration contains or points to markup declarations that provide a grammar for a class of documents. This grammar is known as a document type definition, or DTD. The document type declaration can point to an external subset (a special kind of external entity) containing markup declarations, or can contain the markup declarations directly in an internal subset, or can do both. The DTD for a document consists of both subsets taken together |
| document order | There is an ordering, document order, defined on all the nodes in the document corresponding to the order in which the first character of the XML representation of each node occurs in the XML representation of the document after expansion of general entities. Thus, the root node will be the first node. Element nodes occur before their children. Thus, document order orders element nodes in order of the occurrence of their start-tag in the XML (after expansion of entities). The attribute nodes and namespace nodes of an element occur before the children of the element. The namespace nodes are defined to occur before the attribute nodes. The relative order of namespace nodes is implementation-dependent. The relative order of attribute nodes is implementation-dependent. Reverse document order is the reverse of document order. |
| Document Root | The top-level node of an XML document; its descendants branch out from it to form the XML tree for that document. The document root contains the document element and can also contain a set of processing instructions and comments. |
| DOM (Document Object Model) | A platform- and language-neutral interface that will allow programs and scripts to dynamically access and update the content, structure and style of documents. The document can be further processed and the results of that processing can be incorporated back into the presented page. |
| DSig () | W3C Digital Signature Working Group |
| DSML (Directory Services Markup Language) | W3C Digital Signature Working Group |
| DSO(Data Source Object | Provides data, embedded by use of data binding, into an HTML page. Users can then sort and filter the data as they would a database, without needing to return to the server. DSOs supply data asynchronously to the page, similar to the way GIF images are displayed incrementally as they are transmitted. |
| DSO (Dynamic Shared Object) | On modern Unix derivatives there exists a nifty mechanism usually called dynamic linking/loading of Dynamic Shared Objects (DSO) which provides a way to build a piece of program code in a special format for loading it at run-time into the address space of an executable program. |
| DSSSL (Document Style Semantics and Specification Language) | An International Standard, ISO/IEC 10179:1996, for specifying document transformation and formatting in a platform- and vendor-neutral manner. DSSSL can be used with any document format for which a property set can be defined according to the Property Set Definition Requirements of ISO/IEC 10744. In particular, it can be used to specify the presentation of documents marked up according to ISO 8879:1986, Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML). |
| DTD (document type definition) | The XML document type declaration
contains or points to markup declarations that provide a grammar for a
class of documents.
This grammar is known as a document type definition, or DTD. The document type declaration can point to an external subset (a special kind of external entity) containing markup declarations, or can contain the markup declarations directly in an internal subset, or can do both. The DTD for a document consists of both subsets taken together.] |
| DTMF (Dual Tone Multi-Frequency) | The signal generated by a DTMF encoder is a direct algebraic summation, in real time, of the amplitudes of two sine (cosine) waves of different frequencies. i.e. pressing '1' will send a tone made by adding 1209 Hz and 697 Hz to the other end of the line. |
| EAD (Encoded Archival Description) | A standard for encoding archival finding aids using the Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML). |
| EBNF (Extended Backus-Naur Form) | The EBNF adds the regular expression syntax of regular languages to the BNF notation, in order to allow very compact specifications. The ISO 14977 standard defines a common uniform precise EBNF syntax. |
| ebXML (electronic business XML) | ebXML is a set of specifications that together enable a modular electronic business framework. The vision of ebXML is to enable a global electronic marketplace where enterprises of any size and in any geographical location can meet and conduct business with each other through the exchange of XML based messages. ebXML is a joint initiative of the United Nations (UN/CEFACT) and OASIS, developed with global participation for global usage. |
| ECMA (Standardizing Information and Communication Systems) | ECMA is an international industry association founded in 1961 and dedicated to the standardization of information and communication systems. |
| ECMAScript | The originating technology for
this ECMA Standard is JavaScript.
ECMAScript was originally designed to be a Web scripting language, providing a mechanism to enliven Web pages in browsers and to perform server computation as part of a Web-based client-server architecture. |
| EDI | Electronic Data Interchange. The electronic communication of business transactions between organizations. XML complements EDI because it can be used to exchange e-commerce information. |
| EFS (Electronic Form System) | The goal of the EFS is to define a basic, extensible file format for forms and surveys. This standard is geared toward electronic forms and web browsers, but an EFS form could conceivably be printed out on paper, faxed, compiled on a disk, or placed into a telephone answering system. While EFS is about human interface to databases, EFS does not specify schemes for storing or presenting form data. |
| element (in XML) | Each XML document contains one or more elements, the boundaries of which are either delimited by start-tags and end-tags, or, for empty elements, by an empty-element tag. Each element has a type, identified by name, sometimes called its "generic identifier" (GI), and may have a set of attribute specifications. |
| elisp (Emacs Lisp) | |
| EMACS | Emacs is the extensible, customizable,
self-documenting real-time display editor.
If this seems to be a bit of a mouthful, an easier explanation is Emacs is a text editor and more. At its core is an interpreter for Emacs Lisp (``elisp'', for short), a dialect of the Lisp programming language with extensions to support text editing. The name ``Emacs'' was originally chosen as an abbreviation of Editor MACroS. |
| empty element (in XML) | An element with no content is said to be empty. The representation of an empty element is either a start-tag immediately followed by an end-tag, or an empty-element tag. |
| EMS (Enhanced Messaging Service) | The Enhanced Messaging Service (EMS) is the ability to send and receive a combination of simple melodies, pictures, sounds, animations, modified text and standard text as an integrated message for display on an EMS compliant handset. |
| end tag (in XML) | The end of every element that begins with a start-tag must be marked by an end-tag containing a name that echoes the element's type as given in the start-tag. It is assumed that an XML processor is doing its work on behalf of another module, called the application. |
| Entity | XML structural construct. A character sequence or well-formed XML hierarchy associated with a name. The entity can be referred to by an entity reference to insert the entity's contents into the tree at that point. The function of an XML entity is similar to that of a macro definition. Entity declarations occur in the DTD. |
| Entity Reference | XML structural construct. Refers to the content of a named entity. The name is delimited by the ampersand and semicolon characters; for example, &bookname; and <. It is used in much the same way as a macro. |
| EOF (end-of-file) | |
| ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning) | Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)
is a strategic tool, which helps companies to gain competitive edge by
integrating all business processes and optimizing the resources available.
ERP is more than accounting and management software it is a "way of doing
business".
The essence of ERP is the concept of taking the many diverse systems which departments utilize and unlocking the methods used, data collected and processed by the individual departments and enabling seamless interaction and reporting between departments, suppliers, clients and to management |
| expanded name | The name of a node is modeled as a pair consisting of a local part and a possibly null namespace URI; this is called an expanded-name. |
| expat | Expat is an XML parser library written in C. It is a stream-oriented parser in which an application registers handlers for things the parser might find in the XML document (like start tags). |
| expression | The primary syntactic
construct in XPath is the expression. An expression matches the production
Expr.
An expression is evaluated to yield an object. Expression evaluation occurs with respect to a context. XSLT and XPointer specify how the context is determined for XPath expressions used in XSLT and XPointer respectively. |
| Extensible Linking Language | An XML vocabulary that provides links in XML similar to those in HTML but with more functionality. Linking could be multidirectional, and links could exist at the object level rather than just at a page level. |
| FFII | A "public-interest association" under German law, designed to promote free competition in the software field and to fund public-interest informational goods. |
| FOP | The goals of the Apache XML FOP Project are to deliver an XSL FO->PDF formatter ... |
| formatter (in XSL) | An XSL stylesheet processor accepts a document or data in XML and an XSL stylesheet and produces the presentation of that XML source content that was intended by the designer of that stylesheet. There are two aspects of this presentation process: first, constructing a result tree from the XML source tree and second, interpreting the result tree to produce formatted results suitable for presentation on a display, on paper, in speech, or onto other media. The first aspect is called tree transformation and the second is called formatting. The process of formatting is performed by the formatter. This formatter may simply be a rendering engine inside a browser. |
| formatting object (in XSL) | Formatting is enabled by including formatting semantics in the result tree. Formatting semantics are expressed in terms of a catalog of classes of formatting objects. The nodes of the result tree are formatting objects. The classes of formatting objects denote typographic abstractions such as page, paragraph, table, and so forth. Finer control over the presentation of these abstractions is provided by a set of formatting properties, such as those controlling indents, word- and letter-spacing, and widow, orphan, and hyphenation control. In XSL, the classes of formatting objects and formatting properties provide the vocabulary for expressing presentation intent. |
| Forth | Forth is a stack-based, extensible
language without type checking. It is probably best known for its "reverse
Polish" (postfix) arithmetic
notation, familiar to users of Hewlett-Packard calculators: to add two numbers in Forth, you would type 3 5 + instead of 3+5. The fundamental program unit in Forth is the "word": a named data item, subroutine, or operator. Programming in Forth consists of defining new words in terms of existing ones. The name FORTH was intended to suggest software for the fourth (next) generation computers, which Moore saw as being characterized by distributed small computers. The operating system he used at the time restricted file names to five characters, so the "U" was discarded. FORTH was spelled in upper case until the late 70's because of the prevalence of upper-case-only I/O devices. The name "Forth" was generally adopted when lower case became widely available, because the word was not an acronym. |
| forward axis | An axis that only ever contains the context node or nodes that are after the context node in document order is a forward axis. |
| Galeon | Web browser based on Mozilla Gecko engine |
| Gecko | Netscape's revolutionary next-generation browser engine based entirely on open Internet standards such as HTML 4.0, CSS 1/2, the W3C Document Object Model, XML 1.0, RDF, and JavaScript. Gecko also includes a set of complementary browser components that work alongside the layout engine to form the founding platform of Netscape's next generation Web browser. |
| GEML (Gene Expression Markup Language) | NCGR, together with a consortium of gene expression database creators, is developing a common data interchange format entitled the Gene Expression Markup Language (GEML). GEML is based on the XML, and is being designed to provide data exchange compatibility between the diverse data models being implemented for the various expression database projects. |
| general entity (in XML) | General entities are entities for use within the document content. |
| GeophysicalML | An XML Standard for Web-Based Exchange of Geophysical Data |
| GFDL (GNU Free Documentation License) | This is a license intended for use on copylefted free documentation. We plan to adopt it for all GNU manuals |
| GI (Generic Identifier) | Each element has a type, identified by name, sometimes called its "generic identifier" (GI). |
| GILC (Global Internet Liberty Campaign) | |
| GNU (GNU's Not Unix) | The GNU Project was launched in 1984 to develop a complete Unix-like operating system, which is free software: the GNU system. (GNU is a recursive acronym for``GNU's Not Unix''; it is pronounced "guh-NEW".) Variants of the GNU operating system, which use the kernel Linux, are now widely used; though these systems are often referred to as ``Linux'', they are more accurately called GNU/Linux systems. |
| GPL (GNU General Public License) | The GNU General Public License, or GNU GPL for short. This is a free software license, and a copyleft license. We recommend it for most software packages. |
| GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) | The General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) is a new nonvoice value added service that allows information to be sent and received across a mobile telephone network. It supplements today? Circuit Switched Data and Short Message Service. GPRS is NOT related to GPS (the Global Positioning System), a similar acronym that is often used in mobile contexts. |
| Granular Updating | Changing only an element of a page, rather than rebuilding the entire page. The new element is sent from the server to the client, which replaces the old element while leaving the rest of the page intact. |
| Graphing | A very generalized way to represent certain data relationships. |
| grapheme string | A grapheme string is a sequence of character clusters, where the clusters are defined to be as close as possible to what the user perceives as characters, but in a way that is still language-independent. |
| Grove (Graph Representation of Property Values | Why it is called a grove? 'Grove' is one of those historical things that just exists in the terminology. You just have to live with it. It was hatched in the middle of a discussion in standards meeting (July 1985, Trinity College Dublin, if I remember rightly), as a way of discussing a collection of trees. |
| GXML | A file structure supported by EDI software company Edifecs Commerce that allows the open exchange of electronic commerce guidelines. |
| HR-XML | The HR-XML Consortium is an independent, non-profit association dedicated to the development and promotion of a standard suite of XML specifications to enable e-commerce and the automation of human resources-related data exchanges. |
| HTA (HTML Applications) | HTML Applications - full-fledged applications build on the top of Internet Explorer 5+ (reusing its power without enforcing the strict security model and user interface of the browser) |
| HTC (HTML Components) | Microsoft's implementation of some ideas from Behavioral Extensions to CSS |
| HyTime (Hypermedia/Time-based Structuring Language) | The Hypermedia/Time-based Structuring
Language (HyTime), defined in this International Standard, provides facilities
for representing static and dynamic information that is processed and interchanged
by hypertext and multimedia applications. HyTime is an application of ISO
8879, the Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML).
HyTime supports the classic bibliographic model of information referencing, whereby it is possible to represent links to anything, anywhere, at any time, in a variety of ways. The extension of this model to the computerized information age, known as "integrated open hypermedia" (IOH), is the field of application of HyTime. |
| i-mode | First introduced in
Japan in February 1999 by NTT DoCoMo, i-mode is one of the world's most
successful services offering wireless web browsing and e-mail from mobile
phones to more then 10 million users in Japan.
Unlike WAP, which uses WML (wireless markup language) as its markup language, i-mode services are built using i-mode-compatible HTML. |
| i18n (internationalization) | Acronym for "internationalization" ("i" + 18 letters + "n"; lower case i is used to distinguish it from the numeral 1 (one)). |
| IAB (Internet Architecture Board) | The IAB is responsible for defining the overall architecture of the Internet, providing guidance and broad direction to the IETF. The IAB also serves as the technology advisory group to the Internet Society, and oversees a number of critical activities in support of the Internet. |
| IANA (Internet Assigned Numbers Authority) | Based at the University of Southern California's Information Sciences Institute, IANA is in charge of all "unique parameters" on the Internet, including IP (Internet Protocol) addresses. Each domain name is associated with a unique IP address, a numerical name consisting of four blocks of up to three digits each, e.g. 204.146.46.8, which systems use to direct information through the network |
| IANA Charsets | These are the official names for character sets that may be used in the Internet and may be referred to in Internet documentation. |
| iCab | iCab is a web browser for the Macintosh. |
| ICANN (Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers) | Formed in October 1998, the ICANN is a non-profit, private sector corporation formed by a broad coalition of the Internet's business, technical, academic, and user communities. ICANN has been recognized by the U.S. Government as the global consensus entity to coordinate the technical management of the Internet's domain name system, the allocation of IP address space, the assignment of protocol parameters, and the management of the root server system. |
| ICE (Information and Content Exchange Protocol) | The ICE protocol defines the roles and responsibilities of syndicators and subscribers, defines the format and method of content exchange, and provides support for management and control of syndication relationships. We expect ICE to be useful in automating content exchange and reuse, both in traditional publishing contexts and in business-to-business relationships. |
| IDL (Interface Definition Language) | CORBA applications are composed of objects. For each object type, such as your shopping cart, you define its interface in OMG IDL. This fixes the operations it will perform, and the parameters (input and output) for each. This interface definition is independent of your programming language, but maps to all of the popular programming languages via a set of OMG standards |
| IdooXoap | IdooXoap is a toolkit for communicating via SOAP |
| IEC (International Engineering Consortium) | The International Engineering Consortium (IEC) conducts a broad range of university and industry cooperative programs consisting of educational forums and workshops, research studies, publications, Web education, and management services. |
| IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) | The IEEE ("eye-triple-E"), The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc., helps advance global prosperity by promoting the engineering process of creating, developing, integrating, sharing, and applying knowledge about electrical and information technologies and sciences for the benefit of humanity and the profession. |
| IESG (The Internet Engineering Steering Group) | The IESG is responsible for technical management of IETF activities and the Internet standards process. As part of the ISOC, it administers the process according to the rules and procedures, which have been ratified by the ISOC Trustees. The IESG is directly responsible for the actions associated with entry into and movement along the Internet "standards track," including final approval of specifications as Internet Standards. |
| IETF (The Internet Engineering Task Force) | The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) is a large open international community of network designers, operators, vendors, and researchers concerned with the evolution of the Internet architecture and the smooth operation of the Internet. It is open to any interested individual. |
| IFX (Interactive Financial Exchange) | The goal of the IFX ("Interactive Financial Exchange") Forum is to efficiently and effectively facilitate the development of a global specification for an open and interoperable online financial services marketplace. |
| image map | An image that has
been divided into regions with associated actions. Clicking on an active
region causes an action to occur.
When a user clicks on an active region of a client-side image map, the user agent calculates in which region the click occurred and follows the link associated with that region. Clicking on an active region of a server-side image map causes the coordinates of the click to be sent to a server, which then performs some action. |
| image/png | Media Type name: image
Media subtype name: png Required parameters: None Optional parameters: None Encoding considerations: base64 generally preferred |
| IMC (Internet Mail Consortium) | The Internet Mail Consortium is the only international organization focused on cooperatively managing and promoting the rapidly-expanding world of electronic mail on the Internet. The goals of the IMC include greatly expanding the role of mail on the Internet into areas such as commerce and entertainment, advancing new Internet mail technologies, and making it easier for all Internet users, particularly novices, to get the most out of this growing communications medium. |
| IMPP (Instant Messaging and Presence Protocol) | This IETF working group will eventually define protocols and data formats necessary to build an internet-scale end-user presence awareness, notification and instant messaging system. |
| infoset (XML Information Set) | XML Information Set (Infoset ) specifies an abstract data set, a description of the information available in a well-formed XML document |
| internationalization | Designing and developing a software product to function in multiple locales. This process involves identifying the locales that must be supported, designing features which support those locales, and writing code that functions equally well in any of the supported locales. |
| Internet Draft | The Internet-Drafts
directories are available to provide authors with the ability to distribute
and solicit comments on documents they may eventually submit to the IESG
for publication as an RFC.
Internet-Drafts are not an archival document series. These documents should not be cited or quoted in any formal document. Unrevised documents placed in the Internet-Drafts directories have a maximum life of six months. After that time, they must be updated, or they will be deleted. After a document becomes an RFC, it will be replaced in the Internet-Drafts Directories with an announcement to that effect. |
| IPTC (International Press Telecommunications Council) | The International Press Telecommunications Council was established in 1965 to safeguard the telecommunications interests of the World's Press. Since the late 1970's its activities have primarily focussed on developing and publishing Industry Standards for the interchange of news data. At present the IPTC membership is drawn mainly from the major news agencies around the globe but also it has a strong representation from Newspaper publishers as well as some vendors. |
| ISO (International Organization for Standardization) | Worldwide federation of national standards bodies from some 130 countries, one from each country. |
| ISO 10646 ISO 639 ISO 8859-1 ISOC (Internet Society) | ISO/IEC 10646 is a relatively new character set standard, published in 1993 by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). Its name is "Universal Multiple-Octet Coded Character Set". Throughout this overview I use its acronym, UCS. |
| ITU (International Telecommunication Union) | The ITU, headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland is an international organization within which governments and the private sector coordinate global telecom networks and services. |
| Jade | Jade is an implementation of the DSSSL style language. |
| JavaML | The classical plain-text representation of source code is convenient for programmers but requires parsing to uncover the deep structure of the program. While sophisticated software tools parse source code to gain access to the program's structure, many lightweight programming aids such as grep rely instead on only the lexical structure of source code. I describe a new XML application that provides an alternative representation of Java source code. This XML-based representation called JavaML, is more natural for tools and permits easy specification of numerous software-engineering analyses by leveraging the abundance of XML tools and techniques. |
| JavaScript | JavaScript is the scripting language
of the Internet.
JavaScript is an interpreted, high-level language like BASIC, yet it has a syntax similar to C and Java. This makes it easy to learn, easy to test, and easy to debug. An interpreter (also known as an "engine") takes the high-level, plain-text JavaScript code and translates it on the fly into native instructions on the current machine |
| JAXM (Java API for XML Messaging) | JAXM provides an API for packaging and transporting business transactions using on-the-wire protocols being defined by ebXML.org, Oasis, W3C and IETF. |
| JAXP (Java API for XML Processing) | JAXP Optional Package provides basic functionality for reading, manipulating, and generating XML documents through pure Java APIs. |
| JDOMJigsaw (W3C's Java Server) | JDOM is a Java representation of an XML document. JDOM provides a way to represent that document for easy and efficient reading, manipulation, and writing. It has a straightforward API, is a lightweight and fast, and is optimized for the Java programmer. It's an alternative to DOM and SAX, although it integrates well with both DOM and SAX. |
| JLS (Java Language Specification) | Jigsaw is W3C's leading edge Web server platform, providing a sample HTTP 1.1 implementation and a variety of other features on top of an advanced architecture implemented in Java. |
| JNDI (Java Naming and Directory Interface) | A standard extension to the JavaTM platform, providing Java technology-enabled applications with a unified interface to multiple naming and directory services in the enterprise. As part of the Java Enterprise API set, JNDI enables seamless connectivity to heterogeneous enterprise naming and directory services. |
| JPEG | JPEG (pronounced "jay-peg") is
a standardized image compression mechanism.
JPEG stands for Joint Photographic Experts Group, the original name of the committee that wrote the standard. JPEG is designed for compressing either full-color or gray-scale images of natural, real-world scenes. It works well on photographs, naturalistic artwork, and similar material; not so well on lettering, simple cartoons, or line drawings. JPEG handles only still images, but there is a related standard called MPEG for motion pictures. |
| JPython | JPython is an implementation of the high-level, dynamic, object-oriented language Pythonwritten in 100% Pure Java (certified), and seamlessly integrated with the Java platform. It thus allows you to run Python on any Java platform. |
| JSML (JSpeech Markup Language) | The JSpeech Markup Language (JSML) is a text format used by applications to annotate text input to speech synthesizers. JSML elements provide a speech synthesizer with detailed information on how to speak text and thus enable improvements in the quality, naturalness and understandability of synthesized speech output. JSML defines elements that describe the structure of a document, provide pronunciations of words and phrases, indicate phrasing, emphasis, pitch and speaking rate, and control other important speech characteristics. JSML is designed to be simple to learn and use, to be portable across different synthesizers and computing platforms, and to applicable to a wide range of languages. |
| JSP (JavaServer Pages) | JSP technology uses XML-like tags and scriptlets written in the Java programming language to encapsulate the logic that generates the content for the page. |
| JSX | A simple and cheap way to XML
enable applications for data interchange.
A single call reads and writes objects to a human-comprehensible XML format. |
| kerning | Kerning refers to data included in a font that specifies how to adjust the spacing of a specific pair of characters in a font |
| kXML | kXML is a lean Common XML API with optional WBXML/WML support that is intended to fit into the JAVA KVM for limited devices like the Palm Pilot. |
| L10n (localization) | Acronym for "localization" ("L" + 10 letters + "n"; upper case L is used to distinguish it from the numeral 1 (one)). |
| L12y (localizability) | Acronym for "localizability" ("L" + 12 letters + "y"; upper case L is used to distinguish it from the numeral 1 (one)). |
| Layman Bray | A proposal for XML namespaces (groups of names defined according to some naming convention) that ensures that names remain unambiguous even if chosen by more than one author. |
| LaTeX | The TeX program itself is a macro
compiler. TeX input consists of a stream of mixed commands and text. Commands
can be defined for many purposes, not the least important of which is to
permit input to be structured in a logical manner, allowing an author to
concentrate on content rather than on typographic appearance.
The most popular such macro set is LaTeX. This tool provides several predefined document classes (book, article, report) with extensive sectioning and cross-referencing capabilities, and auxiliary tools for such processes as bibliography and index creation. |
| LDAP (Lightweight Directory Access Protocol) | A client-server protocol for accessing a directory service. It was initially used as a front-end to X.500, but can also be used with stand-alone and other kinds of directory servers. |
| LGPL (GNU Lesser General Public License) | This is a free software license, but not a strong copyleft license, because it permits linking with non-free modules. It is compatible with the GNU GPL. We recommend it for special circumstances only. |
| LinuxLISP (LISt Processing) | Linux is the kernel, one of the essential major components, of the GNU system. |
| LMML (Learning Material Markup Language) | LMML is an implementation of the XML binding of the teachware-specific meta-model described in Christian Süß, Adaptive Knowledge Management: A Meta-Modeling Approach and its Binding to XML, 2000 |
| local part (in XML) | The local part of the qualified name. |
| localizability | The degree to which a software product can be localized. Localizable products separate data from code, correctly display the target language and function properly after being localized. |
| localization | Modifying or adapting a software product to fit the requirements of a particular locale. This process includes (but may not be limited to) translating the user interface, documentation and packaging, changing dialog box geometries, customizing features (if necessary), and testing the translated product to ensure that it still works (at least as well as the original). |
| location path | One important kind of expression is a location path. A location path selects a set of nodes relative to the context node. The result of evaluating an expression that is a location path is the node-set containing the nodes selected by the location path. Location paths can recursively contain expressions that are used to filter sets of nodes. A location path matches the production LocationPath. |
| LotusXSL | an XSL processor |
| LT XML | LT XML is an integrated set of XML tools and a developers' tool-kit, including a C-based API |
| marshalling | Marshalling is the process of linearizing a data structure into a sequence of bytes in a certain, previously agreed-upon way, so that one process can pass its internal data structure to another process, which will then be able to build an equivalent data structure. Since the marshalling algorithm presented here is based on the ADT, and not on an actual model, or even implementation, the two processes are free to use different internal memory structures. As a consequence, the marshalled data contains exactly enough information that a round-trip is possible, but no more. |
| MathML (Mathematical Markup Language) | MathML is intended to facilitate the use and re-use of mathematical and scientific content on the Web, and for other applications such as computer algebra systems, print typesetting, and voice synthesis. MathML can be used to encode both the presentation of mathematical notation for high-quality visual display, and mathematical content, for applications where the semantics plays more of a key role such as scientific software or voice synthesis. MathML is cast as an application of XML. |
| metadata | Metadata describes an information resource. The term "meta" comes from a Greek word that denotes something of a higher or more fundamental nature. Metadata, then, is data about other data. It is the Internet-age term for information that librarians traditionally have put into catalogs, and it most commonly refers to descriptive information about Web resources. However, metadata can serve a variety of purposes, from identifying a resource that meets a particular information need, to evaluating their suitability for use, to tracking the characteristics of resources for maintenance or usage over time. Different communities of users meet such needs today with a wide variety of metadata standards. |
| MetaLanguage | A language that describes other languages. SGML and XML can be considered metalanguages because they define markup languages. |
| micropayment | One important aspect of "micropayments" is that the definition varies with the audience. This page lists a variety of systems claiming to be "Micropayments". All of them are capable of handling arbitrarily small amounts of money. This was never a real problem; the problem is keeping the cost for the individual transaction low. A very practical approach can be derived from the MPTP Working Draft (Micro Payment Transport Protocol, at the IETF). Micropayments have to be suitable for the sale of non-tangible goods over the Internet. This imposes requirements on speed and cost of processing of the payments: delivery occurs nearly instantaneously on the Internet, and often in arbitrarily small pieces. On the other hand, the bottleneck in sales of tangible goods, handling and shipping, sets a lower bound particularly for costs to remain economical. |
| MIME (Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions) | |
| MinML (Minimal XML parser) | An XML parser for small embedded systems. |
| MMS (Multimedia Messaging Service) | The Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS) is as its name suggests the ability to send and receive messages comprising a combination of rich media including text, sounds, images and video to MMS capable handsets. |
| modularization (in XHTML) | As the use of XHTML moves from the traditional desktop user agents to other platforms, it is clear that not all of the XHTML elements will be required on all platforms. For example a hand held device or a cell-phone may only support a subset of XHTML elements. The process of modularization breaks XHTML up into a series of smaller element sets. These elements can then be recombined to meet the needs of different communities. |
| MOF (Meta-Object Facility) | The OMG Modeling specifications describe the OMG standards for modeling distributed software architectures and systems along with their CORBA Interfaces. There are three complementary specifications currently available: Unified Modeling Language (UML), Meta-Object Facility (MOF), and XML Metadata Interchange (XMI). |
| Morphon | An XML and CSS editor |
| Mozilla | Mozilla is an open-source web browser, designed for standards compliance, performance and portability |
| MPL (Mozilla Public License) | An Open-Source license suitable for general use |
| MSXML (Microsoft XML Parser) | |
| MusicXMLName (XML) | MusicXML is designed to represent musical scores, specifically common western musical notation from the 17th century onwards. It is designed as an interchange format for notation, analysis, retrieval, and performance applications. |
| NameChar (XML) | Name in XML consists of any mixture of NameChar and it must start with a letter or an underscore or a colon. |
| namespace (in XML) | An XML namespace is a collection of names, identified by a URI reference [RFC2396], which are used in XML documents as element types and attribute names. XML namespaces differ from the "namespaces" conventionally used in computing disciplines in that the XML version has internal structure and is not, mathematically speaking, a set. URI references which identify namespaces are considered identical when they are exactly the same character-for-character. Note that URI references which are not identical in this sense may in fact be functionally equivalent. Examples include URI references which differ only in case, or which are in external entities which have different effective base URIs. |
| namespace declaration | A namespace is declared using
a family of reserved attributes. Such an attribute's name must either be
xmlns or have xmlns: as a prefix.
Prefixes beginning with the three-letter sequence x, m, l, in any case combination, are reserved for use by XML and XML-related specifications. |
| NAML (Name and Address Markup Language) | This language has been developed
primarily for name and address data management.
Name and Address is crucial for any customer data and our objective is to standardise the representation of the name and address data. |
| natural language | Spoken, written, or signed human languages such as French, Japanese, American Sign Language, and braille. |
| NCML (Negotiated Commerce Markup Language) | An XML implementation for dynamic commerce markets. |
| NCName | NCName ::= (Letter
| '_') (NCNameChar)*
NCNameChar ::= Letter | Digit | '.' | '-' | '_' | CombiningChar| Extender |
| NDATA | The literal string "NDATA" is used as part of a notation declaration. See also notation. |
| NewsML | NewsML (by IPTC) is
an XML encoding for news which is intended to be used for the creation,
transfer, delivery and archiving of news.
NewsML is media independent, and allows equally for the representation of the evening TV news and a simple textual story. |
| NITF (News Industry Text | An XML Vocabulary by News Publishers, for News Publishers NITF uses the eXtensible Markup Language to define the content and structure of news articles. Because metadata is applied throughout the news content, NITF documents are far more searchable and useful than HTML pages. |
| Format) NMToken | Any mixture of name characters (in XML). |
| (name token) node-set | An unordered collection of nodes without duplicates |
| Normalize | To collapse two or more adjacent text nodes in the document tree into one text node. This ensures that the tree structure will match tree structure generated when the document is stored and reloaded. The element object offers a normalize method. |
| notation | Notations identify by name the format of unparsed entities, the format of elements which bear a notation attribute, or the application to which a processing instruction is addressed. |
| Notation Declaration | A notation declaration provides a name and an external identifier for a notation. The name is used in entity and attribute-list declarations and in attribute specifications. The external identifier is used for the notation, which can allow an XML processor or its client application to locate a helper application capable of processing data in the given notation. |
| NPL | Netscape Public Liscence |
| OASIS (Organization for the Advancement of Structured Information Standards) | A nonprofit, international consortium dedicated to accelerating the adoption of product-independent formats based on public standards. These standards include SGML, XML, HTML and CGM as well as others that are related to structured information processing. Members of OASIS are providers, users and specialists of the technologies that make these standards work in practice. |
| ODBC (Open Database Connectivity) | An operating system and database independent communication API that allows a client application (productivity tool, other database, web page, custom application, etc.) to communicate via standard-based function calls to a back end database without relying on that vendor's proprietary communication protocols |
| OEM (Object Exchange Model) | OEM is the Stanford Database Group's Object Exchange Model, which is a specification for flexible, self-describing data structures. |
| OFX (Open Financial Exchange) | a unified specification for the electronic exchange of financial data between financial institutions, business and consumers via the Internet. |
| OHS (Open Hypermedia System) | Typically a middleware component
in the computing environment offering hypermedia functionality to applications
orthogonal to their storage and display functionality.
Using the services of an OHS, existing applications in the computing environment can become "hypermedia enabled", thus supporting linking to and from information managed by the application without altering the information itself. To become "hypermedia enabled", applications must be extended to make the hypermedia functionality available in the user interface and must be able to communicate hypermedia requests to the OHS. The term open hypermedia environment is used to cover both the OHS and the set of hypermedia enabled applications. An open hypermedia environment is a subset of the overall computing environment in terms of applications, programs and services. |
| OIL (Ontology Inference Layer) | A proposal for a web-based representation
and inference layer for ontologies, which combines the widely used modelling
primitives from frame-based languages with the formal semantics and reasoning
services provided by description logics.
It is compatible with RDF Schema (RDFS), and includes a precise semantics for describing term meanings (and thus also for describing implied information). |
| OLAP ( Online Analytical Processing) | OLAP is short for Online Analytical
Processing, a category of software tools that provide analysis of data
stored in a database. OLAP tools enable users to analyse different dimensions
of multi-dimensional data. For example, OLAP provides time series and trend
analysis views.
The chief component of OLAP is the OLAP server. The OLAP server resides between a client and a database management system (DBMS). The OLAP server understands how data is organised in the database and has special functions for analysing the data. There are OLAP servers available for nearly all the major database systems. |
| OMF (Weather Observation Definition Format) | An application of XML to describe a particular kind of documents: weather observation reports. |
| OMG (Object Management Group) | An open membership, not-for-profit
consortium that produces and maintains computer industry specifications
for interoperable enterprise applications.
Our best-known specifications include CORBA, OMG IDL, IIOP, the OMA, Domain Facilities in industries such as healthcare, manufacturing, telecommunications, and many others, UML, the MOF, and CWM. |
| ontology | The main purpose of an ontology is to enable communication between computer systems in a way that is independent of the individual system technologies, information architectures and application domain.The key ingredients that make up an ontology are a vocabulary of basic terms and a precise specification of what those terms mean. The term 'ontology' has been used in this way for a number of years by the artificial intelligence and knowledge representation community, but is now becoming part of the standard terminology of a much wide community including object modelling and XML. |
| OPX (Open Philanthropy Exchange) | A specification for data transfer
between institutions in the philanthropy industry.
The purpose of the OPX standard is to help philanthropic institutions communicate in a common language. |
| OSD | Open Software Description Format.
An XML-based specification designed by Microsoft and Marimba to automate software distribution. OSD uses unique XML tags to describe software packages. |
| P2P | Peer to peer networks eliminate the need for servers and allow all computers to communicate and share resources as peers. Many popular client applications like ICQ and Napster rely on P2P technology. |
| parameter entity (in XML) | vParameter entities are parsed entities for use within the DTD. |
| parent | Every node other than the root node has exactly one parent, which is either an element node or the root node. A root node or an element node is the parent of each of its child nodes. |
| PDA (Personal Digital Assistant) | A small, portable
computing device.
Most PDAs are used to track personal data such as calendars, contacts, and electronic mail. A PDA is generally a handheld device with a small screen that allows input from various sources. |
| PDF (Portable Document Format) | The open de facto standard for
electronic document distribution worldwide.
Adobe PDF is a universal file format that preserves all of the fonts, formatting, colors, and graphics of any source document, regardless of the application and platform used to create it. |
| PDI (Personal Data Interchange) | Personal Data Interchange (PDI) occurs every time two or more individuals communicate, in either a business or personal context, face-to-face, or across space and time. Such interchanges frequently include the exchange of informal information, such as business cards, telephone numbers, addresses, dates, and times of appointments. |
| PDML (Product Data Markup Language) | An XML vocabulary designed to
support the interchange of product information.
PDML is a suite of domain-specific vocabularies that are integrated through a single, abstract vocabulary. |
| perl | Perl is a high-level programming language with an eclectic heritage written by Larry Wall and a cast of thousands. It derives from the ubiquitous C programming language and to a lesser extent from sed, awk, the Unix shell, and at least a dozen other tools and languages. Perl's process, file, and text manipulation facilities make it particularly well-suited for tasks involving quick prototyping, system utilities, software tools, system management tasks, database access, graphical programming, networking, and world wide web programming. These strengths make it especially popular with system administrators and CGI script authors, but mathematicians, geneticists, journalists, and even managers also use Perl. |
| PetroXML | The first oil industry document standard for the transmission and receipt of vendor invoicing. |
| PGP (Pretty Good Privacy) | A public key encryption program originally written by Phil Zimmermann in 1991. Later PGP versions have been developed and distributed by MIT, ViaCrypt, PGP Inc., and now Network Associates Inc. (NAI). PGP is the de-facto standard for email encryption today, with millions of users worldwide. |
| PGPi | PGPi is the international variant
of PGP (Pretty Good Privacy), a public key encryption program originally
written by Phil Zimmermann in 1991. Later PGP versions have been developed
and distributed by MIT, ViaCrypt, PGP Inc., and now Network Associates
Inc. (NAI). PGP is the de-facto
standard for email encryption today, with millions of users worldwide. |
| PHP (PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor) | A server-side HTML-embedded scripting language. |
| physical string | A physical string is a sequence
of code units representing characters in a particular encoding. This corresponds
to a CEF.
This definition is useful in APIs that expose a physical representation of string data. Example: For the [DOM Level 1], UTF-16 was chosen based on widespread implementation practice. |
| PI (processing instructions, in XML) | PIs allow documents to contain instructions for applications. |
| PICS (Platform for Internet Content Selection) | The PICS specification enables labels (metadata) to be associated with Internet content. |
| PIDX (Petroleum Industry Data Exchange) | PIDX is the EDI Committee of the American Petroleum Institute (API) |
| PKI (Public Key Infrastructure) | The primary purpose of PKI is
establishing trust among clients, particularly in legal, commercial, official,
and confidential transactions.
A Public Key Infrastructure is the whole ball of wax including cryptographic keys and a certificate management system. The PKI enables secure transactions and private exchange of information between parties who may be well known to each other or complete strangers. PKI provides privacy, integrity, authentication, and non-repudiation for applications and electronic commerce transactions. |
| PMML (Predictive Model Markup Languange) | PMML provides applications a vendor-independent method of defining models so that proprietary issues and incompatibilities are no longer a barrier to the exchange of models between applications. It allows users to develop models within one vendor's application, and use other vendors' applications to visualize, analyze, evaluate or otherwise use the models. Previously, this was virtually impossible, but with PMML, the exchange of models between compliant applications now will be seamless. |
| PNG (Portable Network Graphics) | An extensible file format for
the lossless, portable, well-compressed storage of raster images.
PNG provides a patent-free replacement for GIF and can also replace many common uses of TIFF. Indexed-color, grayscale, and truecolor images are supported, plus an optional alpha channel for transparency. Sample depths range from 1 to 16 bits. |
| PostgreSQL | PostgreSQL is a sophisticated open-source Object-Relational DBMS, supporting almost all SQL constructs, including subselects, transactions, and user-defined types and functions. |
| PR (W3C Proposed Recommendations) | A Proposed Recommendation is believed by the Working Group to meet the requirements of the Working Group's charter and to adequately address dependencies from the W3C technical community and comments from external reviewers. The Director issues a call for review of a Proposed Recommendation (accompanied by other materials such as documented minority opinions, implementation status, etc.) for political and promotional support and feedback from the Advisory Committee (refer to how to start Member review of a Proposed Recommendation [MEM12]). The review period may not be less than four weeks. |
| predicate | A predicate filters a node-set with respect to an axis to produce a new node-set. If PredicateExpr evaluates to true for the node, the node is included in the new node-set; otherwise, it is not included. |
| prefix (in XML) | The Prefix provides the namespace
prefix part of the qualified name, and must be associated with a namespace
URI reference in a namespace declaration.
Prefix ::= NCName |
| presentation markup | Markup that achieves a stylistic (rather than structuring) effect such as the B or I elements in HTML. Note that the STRONG and EM elements are not considered presentation markup since they convey information that is independent of a particular font style. |
| principal node type | Every axis has a principal node
type. If an axis can contain elements, then the principal node type is
element; otherwise, it is the type of the nodes that the axis can contain.
Thus
- For the attribute axis, the principal node type is attribute.
|
| processing instruction (in XML) | PIs allow documents to contain
instructions for applications.
PIs are not part of the document's character data, but must be passed through to the application. The PI begins with a target (PITarget) used to identify the application to which the instruction is directed. The target names "XML", "xml", and so on are reserved for standardization in this or future versions of this specification. The XML Notation mechanism may be used for formal declaration of PI targets. Parameter entity references are not recognized within processing instructions. |
| processing instructions (in XML) | Processing instructions (PIs) allow documents to contain instructions for applications. |
| processor (in XML) | A software module called an XML
processor is used to read XML documents and provide access to their content
and structure.
It is assumed that an XML processor is doing its work on behalf of another module, called the application. |
| PURL (Persistent Uniform Resource Locator) | Functionally, a PURL is a URL. However, instead of pointing directly to the location of an Internet resource, a PURL points to an intermediate resolution service. The PURL resolution service associates the PURL with the actual URL and returns that URL to the client. The client can then complete the URL transaction in the normal fashion. In Web parlance, this is a standard HTTP redirect. |
| Python | Python is an interpreted, interactive,
object-oriented programming language. It is often compared to Tcl, Perl,
Scheme or Java.
Python combines remarkable power with very clear syntax. It has modules, classes, exceptions, very high level dynamic data types, and dynamic typing. There are interfaces to many system calls and libraries, as well as to various windowing systems (X11, Motif, Tk, Mac, MFC). New built-in modules are easily written in C or C++. Python is also usable as an extension language for applications that need a programmable interface. |
| QML (Quest Markup Language) | A free XML-based Choose-Your-Own-Adventure
game system.
Adventures can have images, sound, flags to check, random events and more. |
| QName (Qualified name) | Consists of a prefix, colon and
a local part.
Example: "xsl:stylesheet" |
| QName | QName ::= (Prefix ':')? LocalPart
Prefix ::= NCName LocalPart ::= NCName |
| RDDL (Resource Directory Description Language) | A Resource Directory provides
a text description of some class of resources and of other resources related
to that class. It also contains a directory of links to these related resources.
The Resource Directory Description Language is an extension of XHTML Basic 1.0 with a new element named resource. This element serves as an XLink to the referenced resource. |
| RDF (Resource Description Framework) | A foundation for processing metadata; it provides interoperability between applications that exchange machine-understandable information on the Web. RDF emphasizes facilities to enable automated processing of Web resources. |
| REC (W3C Recommendation) | A Recommendation reflects consensus within W3C, as indicated by the Director's approval. W3C considers that the ideas or technology specified by a Recommendation are appropriate for widespread deployment and promote W3C's mission. W3C will make every effort to maintain its Recommendations (e.g., by tracking errata, providing testbed applications, helping to create test suites, etc.) and to encourage widespread implementation. |
| regexp (Regular Expressions) | Regular expressions, a powerful tool for manipulating text and data, are found in scripting languages, editors, programming environments, and specialized tools. |
| Regular Expression | Regular expressions, a powerful tool for manipulating text and data, are found in scripting languages, editors, programming environments, and specialized tools. |
| RELAX (REgular LAnguage description for XML) | A specification for describing
XML-based languages.
XHTML 1.0, for example, can be described in RELAX. |
| reverse axis | An axis that only ever contains the context node or nodes that are before the context node in document order is a reverse axis. |
| RFC (Request for Comments) | RFCs form a series of notes, started in 1969, about the Internet (originally the ARPANET). The notes discuss many aspects of computer communication, focusing on networking protocols, procedures, programs, and concepts but also including meeting notes, opinion, and sometimes humor. |
| RFT-DCA (Revisable-Form Text Document Content Architecture) | RFT was developed by IBM for transfering documents between IBM and non-IBM word processing systems. It is most commonly assocated with the DisplayWrite word processor on the IBM 360, 370, and AS/400 systems. |
| root | There is exactly one element, called the root, or document element, no part of which appears in the content of any other element. |
| root | The root node is the root of the tree. A root node does not occur except as the root of the tree. The element node for the document element is a child of the root node. The root node also has as children processing instruction and comment nodes for processing instructions and comments that occur in the prolog and after the end of the document element. |
| RSS (RDF Site Summary) | A lightweight multipurpose extensible
metadata description and syndication format.
RSS is an XML application, conforms to the W3C's RDF Specification and is extensible via XML-namespace and/or RDF based modularization. |
| RTF (Rich Text Format) | The Rich Text Format (RTF) standard is a method of encoding formatted text and graphics for easy transfer between MS-DOS, Windows, Windows 95, OS/2, and Apple Macintosh applications. |
| SABLE (Synthesis Markup Language) | SABLE specification is an initiative to establish a standard system for marking up text input to speech synthesizers. |
| Sablotron | An attempt to develop fast, compact
and portable XSLT processor.
Sablotron is written in C++ and we try to keep it as portable as possible. |
| SAF (Schema Adjunct Framework) | The Schema Adjunct Framework is an open standard for describing and utilizing schema-level information within processing environments. |
| SAX (Simple API for XML) | A free API for event-based XML parsing. |
| SAX2 (Simple API for XML) | A new version of the popular Simple API for XML, incorporating support for Namespaces, for filter chains, and for querying and setting features and properties in the parser. |
| Saxon | XSLT processor developed by Michael Kay of ICL. |
| Schematron | An XML Structure Validation Language using Patterns in Trees |
| SCL (SOAP Contract Language) | |
| SCM (Software Configuration Management) | When you build computer software, change happens. And because it happens, you need to control it effectively. Software configuration management (SCM) is a set of activities that are designed to control change by identifying the work products that are likely to change, establishing relationships among them, defining mechanisms for managing different versions of these work products, controlling changes that are imposed,and auditing and reporting on the changes that are made |
| SDF (Simple Document Format) | SDF (Simple Document Format) is a freely available documentation system designed and developed by Ian Clatworthy, with help from many others. Based on a simple, readable markup language, SDF generates high quality output in multiple formats, all derived from a single document source. Supported output formats include HTML, PostScript, PDF, man pages, SGML, POD, LaTeX, GNU Info, MIF, RTF, Windows help and plain text. |
| SDML (Signed Document Markup Language) | SDML was developed by the Financial Services Technology Consortium (FSTC) as part of the Electronic Check Project. |
| SemanText | A prototype application developed
to demonstrate how the topic map standard (ISO/IEC 13250:2000) can be used
to represent semantic networks.
Semantic networks are a building block for artificial intelligence applications such as inference engines and expert systems. |
| Semantic Web | A web of data that can be processed directly or indirectly by machines |
| serialization | Serialization means simply the act of storing an object or objects in binary form to some binary repository and then, subsequently restoring that object (or objects) from that repository to a valid state in program memory. |
| servlet | The Java platform technology of
choice for extending and enhancing Web servers.
A servlet can almost be thought of as an applet that runs on the server side. |
| SGML (Standard Generalized Markup Language) | A language for describing markup
languages, particularly those used in electronic document exchange, document
management, and document publishing.
HTML is an example of a language defined in SGML |
| SHOE | A small extension to HTML which allows web page authors to annotate their web documents with machine-readable knowledge. |
| Simkin | Simkin is a high-level lightweight embeddable scripting language which works with Java[tm]/XML or C++. |
| Smart Transcoder | An Integrated Framework for Information Processing |
| SMIL (Synchronized Multimedia Integration Language) | An easy-to-learn HTML-like language which enables simple authoring of TV-like multimedia presentations such as training courses on the Web. |
| SML | An extension of the eXtensible Markup Language (XML) providing the Space Community with a standard definition of XML tags and concepts of structure to allow the definition of spacecraft and other support data objects. |
| SMS (Short Message Service) | The Short Message Service (SMS),
as defined within the GSM digital mobile phone standard that is popular
in Europe, the Middle East, Asia, Africa and some parts of North America,
has several unique features:
a single short message can be up to 160 characters of text in length. it is a store and forward service, in other words, short messages are not sent directly from sender to recipient, but always via an SMS Center instead. features confirmation of message delivery short messages can be sent and received simultaneously with GSM voice, Data and Fax calls |
| SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) | The objective of SMTP is to transfer mail reliably and efficiently. |
| SOAP (Simple Object Access Protocol) | SOAP is a lightweight protocol
for exchange of information in a decentralized, distributed environment.
It is an XML based protocol that consists of three parts: an envelope that defines a framework for describing what is in a message and how to process it, a set of encoding rules for expressing instances of application-defined datatypes, and a convention for representing remote procedure calls and responses. SOAP can potentially be used in combination with a variety of other protocols; however, the only bindings defined in this document describe how to use SOAP in combination with HTTP and HTTP Extension Framework. |
| SOX (Schema for Object-Oriented XML) | SOX is a schema language (or metagrammar) for defining the syntactic structure and partial semantics of XML document types. |
| SP | A free, object-oriented toolkit
for SGML parsing and entity management.
James Clark's SGML System Conforming to International Standard ISO 8879 - SGML |
| SQUID | A high-performance proxy caching
server for web clients, supporting FTP, gopher, and HTTP data objects.
Unlike traditional caching software, Squid handles all requests in a single, non-blocking, I/O-driven process. Squid was the code name for initial development, and it stuck. |
| start tag (in XML) | The beginning of every non-empty XML element is marked by a start-tag. |
| stylesheet | A set of statements that specify
presentation of a document.
Style sheets may have three different origins: they may be written by content providers, created by users, or built into user agents. In CSS ([CSS2]), the interaction of content provider, user, and user agent style sheets is called the cascade. |
| SVG (Scalable Vector Graphics) | A language for describing two-dimensional vector and mixed vector/raster graphics in XML. |
| system identifier (in XML) | An URI reference, meant to be
dereferenced to obtain input for the XML processor to construct the entity's
replacement text.
It is an error for a fragment identifier (beginning with a # character) to be part of a system identifier. Unless otherwise provided by information outside the scope of this specification (e.g. a special XML element type defined by a particular DTD, or a processing instruction defined by a particular application specification), relative URIs are relative to the location of the resource within which the entity declaration occurs. |
| TalkML | TalkML is an experimental XML language for voice browsers, and is being developed by HP Labs |
| Tcl (Tool Command Language) | Tcl is used by over half a million developers worldwide and has become a critical component in thousands of corporations. It has a simple and programmable syntax and can be either used as a standalone application or embedded in application programs. Best of all, Tcl is open source so it's completely free. |
| tclXML | Steve Ball of Zveno is working on a range of specifications and tools for processing and manipulating XML documents using Tcl. Collectively these tools are known as TclXML. A specification for a programming interface to manipulate XML (and HTML) documents based on the DOM is called TclDOM. |
| TEI (Text Encoding Initiative) | An international cooperative research effort, the goal of which is to define a set of generic Guidelines for the representation of textual materials in electronic form. |
| TeX | A typesetting program designed
for high-quality composition of material that contains a lot of mathematical
and technical expressions.
It has been adopted by many authors and publishers who generate technical books and papers. It was created by Professor Donald Knuth of Stanford University, originally for preparation of his book series "The Art of Computer Programming". TeX has been made freely available by Knuth in a generic form |
| text/xml | To indicate that an XML entity should be treated as plain text by default, use the text/xml media type. |
| ThML (Theological Markup Language) | An XML markup language for theological
texts.
ThML was developed for use in the Christian Classics Ethereal Library (CCEL), but it is hoped that the language will serve as a royalty-free format for theological texts in other applications. |
| Thot | Thot is a structured document editor, offering a graphical WYSIWYG interface under X-Windows. |
| tmproc | An implementation of the new international
standard ISO/IEC 13250 Topic Maps.
tmproc is written in Python, and should work on any platform to which Python have been ported - including the Java Platform1. |
| Tomcat | Tomcat is the Reference Implementation for the Java Servlet 2.2 and JavaServer Pages 1.1 Technologies. Tomcat is the official reference implementation for these complementary technologies developed under the Apache license. |
| Topic Maps | An ISO Standard (ISO13250) that
enables vast information resources to be classified and navigated in a
consistent manner.
It allows for the concepts or topics that underlie a set of information objects to be exposed to those people or applications processing the information. |
| tpaML (Trading Partner Agreement Markup Language) | The tpaML is used by the systems
administrators of the trading partners agreeing to conduct B2B e-commerce
to create an electronic contract that specifies:
The organizations and responsible individuals that are agreeing to transact business over the Internet The services to be used (security, authenication, communications,
nonrepudiation, audit logging, and so on)
|
| TSAG | (Telecommunication Standardization Advisory Group) |
| Turbo XML | Turbo XML is a XML / Schema / DTD editor and batch processor |
| UCS (Universal Character Set) | The Universal Multiple-Octet Coded
Character Set, more simply known as the UCS, is intended to provide a single
coded character set for the encoding of the written forms of all the languages
of the world and of a wide range of additional symbols that may be used
in conjunction with such languages. It is intended not only to cover languages
in current use, but also languages of the past and such additions as may
be required in the future.
The UCS is a multi-part standard under continuous development. The first edition of part 1 was published in 1993 as: ISO/IEC 10646-1:1993, Information technology - Universal Multiple-Octet Coded Character Set (UCS) - Part 1: Architecture and Basic Multilingual Plane. |
| UCS (Universal Multiple-Octet Coded Character Set) | ISO/IEC 10646 is a relatively new character set standard, published in 1993 by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). Its name is "Universal Multiple-Octet Coded Character Set". Troughout this overview I use its acronym, UCS. |
| UDDI (The Universal Description, Discovery and Integration) | The UDDI standard (registry) is
a sweeping industry initiative.
The Standard creates a platform-independent, open framework for describing services, discovering businesses, and integrating business services using the Internet. |
| UIML (User Interface Markup Language) | |
| ULF (Universal Learning Format) | A modular set of XML-based formats developed by Saba for capturing and exchanging various types of e-learning data, including online learning content, catalogs of learning resources, certification libraries, competency libraries, and learner profile information. |
| UML (Unified Modeling Language) | The OMG Modeling specifications describe the OMG standards for modeling distributed software architectures and systems along with their CORBA Interfaces. There are three complementary specifications currently available: Unified Modeling Language (UML), Meta-Object Facility (MOF), and XML Metadata Interchange (XMI). |
| Unicode | Unicode provides a unique number
for every character, no matter what the platform, no matter what the program,
no matter what the language.
Fundamentally, computers just deal with numbers. They store letters and other characters by assigning a number for each one. Before Unicode was invented, there were hundreds of different encoding systems for assigning these numbers. No single encoding could contain enough characters: for example, the European Union alone requires several different encodings to cover all its languages. Even for a single language like English no single encoding was adequate for all the letters, punctuation, and technical symbols in common use. Unicode provides a unique number for every character, no matter what the platform, no matter what the program, no matter what the language. |
| Unicode | The Unicode Standard [Unicode]
is the universal character set. Its primary goal is to provide an unambiguous
encoding of the content of plain text,
ultimately covering all languages in the world. Currently in its third major version, Unicode contains a large number of characters covering most of the currently used scripts in the world. It also contains additional characters for interoperability with older character encodings, and characters with control-like functions included primarily for reasons of providing unambiguous interpretation of plain text. Unicode provides specifications for use of all of these characters. |
| unparsed entity (in XML) | A resource whose contents may
or may not be text, and if text, may be other than XML.
Each unparsed entity has an associated notation, identified by name. Beyond a requirement that an XML processor make the identifiers for the entity and notation available to the application, XML places no constraints on the contents of unparsed entities. |
| URI (Uniform Resource Identifier) | A compact string of characters
for identifying an abstract or physical resource.
Uniform Resource Identifiers (URIs) provide a simple and extensible means for identifying a resource |
| URL (Uniform Resource Locator) | The term "Uniform Resource Locator" (URL) refers to the subset of URI that identify resources via a representation of their primary access mechanism (e.g., their network "location"), rather than identifying the resource by name or by some other attribute(s) of that resource. |
| URN (Uniform Resource Name) | URNs are intended to serve as persistent, location-independent, resource identifiers and are designed to make it easy to map other namespaces (which share the properties of URNs) into URN-space. |
| URN (Uniform Resource Name) | The term "Uniform Resource Name" (URN) refers to the subset of URI that are required to remain globally unique and persistent even when the resource ceases to exist or becomes unavailable. |
| Usenet | A world-wide distributed discussion
system.
It consists of a set of "newsgroups" with names that are classified hierarchically by subject. |
| user agent | Software to access Web content, including desktop graphical browsers, text browsers, voice browsers, mobile phones, multimedia players, plug-ins, and some software assistive technologies used in conjunction with browsers such as screen readers, screen magnifiers, and voice recognition software. |
| UTF-8 | ISO/IEC 10646-1 defines a multi-octet character set called the Universal Character Set (UCS) which encompasses most of the world's writing systems. Multi-octet characters, however, are not compatible with many current applications and protocols, and this has led to the development of a few so-called UCS transformation formats (UTF), each with different characteristics. UTF-8, the object of this memo, has the characteristic of preserving the full US-ASCII range, providing compatibility with file systems, parsers and other software that rely on US-ASCII values but are transparent to other values. This memo updates and replaces RFC 2044, in particular addressing the question of versions of the relevant standards. |
| vCalendar | defines a transport andplatform-independent format for exchanging calendaring and scheduling information in an easy, automated, and consistent manner. It captures information about event and "to-do" items that are normally used by applications such as a personal information managers (PIMs) and group schedulers. Programs that use vCalendar can exchange important data about events so that you can schedule meetings with anyone who has a vCalendar-aware program. |
| vCard | vCard automates the exchange of personal information typically found on a traditional business card. vCard is used in applications such as Internet mail, voice mail, Web browsers, telephony applications, call centers, video conferencing, PIMs (Personal Information Managers), PDAs (Personal Data Assistants), pagers, fax, office equipment, and smart cards. |
| VIML (Virtual Instruments Markup Language) | A DTD for describing location, protocol and device information for a network of virtual instrumentation devices and/or systems |
| Visa XML Invoice Specification (Visa Extensible Markup Language Invoice Specification) | It provides a cross-industry, interoperable message format to enable processing of enhanced data across regions and industry sectors. |
| VML (Vector Markup Language) | VML is an application of Extensible Markup Language (XML) 1.0 which defines a format for the encoding of vector information together with additional markup to describe how that information may be displayed and edited. |
| VoiceXML (Voice eXtensible Markup Language) | |
| Vortal | Another of those specialist words thrown off by people who are developing online trading. A vortal is a portal - the posh word for a gateway to the Internet - which specialises in one industry. In the jargon of the business schools, a site like this is vertically integrated, hence vertical portal, or vortal. |
| VoxML | VoxML/VoiceXML? (Voice Extensible Markup Language) enables voice access to Internet content. |
| W3C (World Wide Web Consortium) | The W3C develops interoperable technologies (specifications, guidelines, software, and tools) to lead the Web to its full potential as a forum for information, commerce, communication, and collective understanding. |
| W3C Last Call Working Draft W3C NoteWAI (Web Accessibility Initiative) | A Last Call Working Draft is a special instance of a Working Draft that is considered by the Working Group to meet the requirements of its charter. The Working Group publishes a Last Call Working Draft in order to solicit review from at least all dependent Working Groups (copying Chairs of known dependent groups). External feedback is also encouraged. A last call announcement must recapitulate known dependencies. It must also state the deadline for comments (e.g., three to four weeks is issued). The Last Call Working Draft must be a public document. |
| WAP (Wireless Application Protocol) | The de facto worldwide standard for providing internet communications and advanced telephony services on digital mobile phones, pagers, personal digital assistants and other wireless terminals. |
| WCAG (Web Content Accessibility Guidelines) | WCAG explain how to make Web content accessible to people with disabilities. |
| WD (W3C Working Draft) | WD is a chartered work item of
a Working Group and generally represents work in progress and a commitment
by W3C to pursue work in a particular area.
At least every three months, a Working Group must publish a (public) Working Draft to keep the community abreast of its progress and to prompt the Working Group to resolve issues in a timely fashion. The first public Working Draft (or release of the document for review beyond the Working Group) must be approved by the Director. Publication of a Working Draft is not an assertion of consensus, endorsement or technical and editorial quality. The Working Draft may be unstable and it may not address all Working Group requirements, though the Chair should endeavor to obtain Working Group support for publication within the constraints of the requirement to publish every three months. |
| WDDX (Web Distributed Data Exchange) | A free, open XML-based technology that allows Web applications created with any platform to easily exchange data with one another over the Web. |
| WebCGM (Web Computer Graphics Metafile) | A profile for the effective application of CGM in Web electronic documents. |
| WebDAV (Web-based Distributed Authoring and Versioning) | A set of extensions to the HTTP protocol which allows users to collaboratively edit and manage files on remote web servers. |
| well-formed document WF XML (XML-Based Workflow [Process Management] Standard) | A textual object is a well-formed
XML document if:
1. Taken as a whole, it matches the production labeled document. 2. It meets all the well-formedness constraints given in this specification. 3. Each of the parsed entities which is referenced directly or indirectly within the document is well-formed. |
| white space (in XML | White space consists of one or more space (#x20) characters, carriage returns (#x0D), line feeds (#x0A), or tabs(#x09). |
| ) WML (Wireless Markup Language) | WML (Wireless Markup Language) is a markup language based on XML, and is intended for use in specifying content and user interface for narrowband devices, including cellular phones and pagers. WML is designed with the constraints of small narrowband devices in mind. |
| WML (Website Meta Language) | WML is a free and extensible Webdesigner's off-line HTML generation toolkit for Unix, distributed under the GNU General Public License (GPL v2) |
| WSDL (Web Services Description Language) | An XML format for describing network
services as a set of endpoints operating on messages containing either
document-oriented or procedure-oriented information.
The operations and messages are described abstractly, and then bound to a concrete network protocol and message format to define an endpoint. Related concrete endpoints are combined into abstract endpoints (services). WSDL is extensible to allow description of endpoints and their messages regardless of what message formats or network protocols are used to communicate, however, the only bindings described in this document describe how to use WSDL in conjunction with SOAP 1.1, HTTP GET/POST, and MIME. |
| X.500 | As it stands, a paper directory, or directory enquiries service, is very limited in the service that it offers. Computer access to a conventional database gives you many more features such as: rapid scanning of thousands of entries, retrieval of entries with similarly spelt names, and retrieving the name of a person with a given telephone number or address. If only we could computerise the entire set of global telephone directories, and interconnect them, and give people access to them all via a standard interface, then we would have a real directory service. X.500 of course is designed to provide this service, and many more besides. |
| X11 license | This is a simple, permissive non-copyleft free software license, compatible with the GNU GPL. XFree86 uses the same license. |
| X12 | ASC X12 develops, maintains, interprets, publishes and promotes the proper use of American National and UN/EDIFACT International Electronic Data Interchange Standards. |
| Xalan | XSLT stylesheet processors, in Java and C++ |
| XBEL (XML Bookmark Exchange Language) | An Internet "bookmarks" interchange format. |
| XBL (Extensible Bindings Language) | Mozilla's implementation of some ideas from Behavioral Extensions to CSS |
| xCBL (Common Business Library) | An open XML specification for the cross-industry exchange of business documents such as product descriptions, purchase orders, invoices, and shipping schedules. |
| XDB (XML Database) | An XML document repository providing
structured storage of XML data.
XDB intention is to offer a fast, reliable and scalable XML database framework with powerful querying techniques according to W3C standards (XPath, XML Query) and standard XML processing APIs (SAX, DOM). |
| XDF (eXtensible Data Format) | A common scientific data format
based on general mathematical principles, object models, and XML that can
be used throughout the scientific disciplines.
It includes these key features: hierarchical data structures, any dimensional arrays merged with coordinate information, high dimensional tables merged with field information, variable resolution, easy wrapping of existing data, user specified coordinate systems, searchable ASCII metadata, and extensibility to new features. |
| XDR (XML Data Reduced) | MSXML 2.0 supports a schema language known as XML-Data Reduced (XDR), which is based on a proposal that Microsoft submitted to the W3C in 1998. |
| XEDI | 1. A simple and complete approach
for representing EDI semantics in XML syntax.
2. A collection of XML documents that encompass the semantics of X12 and EDIFACT transactions, segments and elements. 3. A human-readable representation of EDI. |
| Xerces | 1. A simple and complete approach
for representing EDI semantics in XML syntax.
2. A collection of XML documents that encompass the semantics of X12 and EDIFACT transactions, segments and elements. 3. A human-readable representation of EDI. |
| XFA (XML Forms Architecture) | XFA is JetForm's new XML Forms Architecture, a standards-based forms architecture that embraces all aspects of process automation - the capture, presentation, movement, processing and output of information. |
| XFDL (Extensible Forms Description Language) | The purpose of XFDL is to solve the body of problems associated with digitally representing complex forms such as those found in business and government. The requirements include support for high precision layout, supporting documentation, integrated computations and input validation, multiple overlapping digital signatures, and legally binding auditable transaction records, by maintaining the whole form as a single unit such that digital signatures can capture the entire context of transactions. |
| XForm | The next generation of Web forms, based on XML. |
| XFRML | Extensible Financial Reporting
Markup Language)
The new "digital language of business" supported and proposed by the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants, which allows the financial community to exchange and analyze a variety of financial reports. Still a work in progress. |
| XGMML (eXtensible Graph Markup and Modeling Language) | An XML application based on GML
which is used for graph description.
The purpose of XGMML is to make possible the exchange of graphs between differents authoring and browsing tools for graphs. |
| XHTML (Extensible HTML) | A reformulation of HTML 4 as an XML 1.0 application. |
| XInclude (XML Inclusions) | This document specifies a processing model and syntax for general purpose inclusion. Inclusion is accomplished by merging a number of XML Infosets into a single composite Infoset. Specification of the XML documents (infosets) to be merged and control over the merging process is expressed in XML-friendly syntax (elements, attributes, URI References). |
| XKMS (XML Key Management Specification) | To simplify the integration of PKI and digital certificates, the standard methods for securing Internet transactions, with XML applications, VeriSign, Microsoft, and webMethods have created the open XKMS (XML Key Management Specification). Developers can take advantage of XKMS to integrate authentication, digital signature, and encryption services, such as certificate processing and revocation status-checking, into applications in a matter of hours-without the constraints and complications associated with proprietary PKI software toolkits. With XKMS, trust functions reside in servers accessible via easily programmed XML transactions. Developers can allow applications to delegate all or part of the processing of XML digital signatures and encrypted elements to VeriSign, minimizing the complexity of the underlying PKI. |
| XLink | XLink allows elements to be inserted
into XML documents in order to create and describe links between resources.
It uses XML syntax to create structures that can describe links similar to the simple unidirectional hyperlinks of today's HTML, as well as more sophisticated links. |
| XLL (Extensible Linking Language) | A broad term for XML hyperlinking
(linking and addressing) has two major components: XLink and XPointer [now
three: also XPath].
Historical Note: As of March 1998, the W3C effort and corresponding specifications for XML linking and pointing/addressing mechanisms formerly subsumed under the name "Extensible Linking Language (XLL)" were provisionally renamed XLink. As of June 1998, it appeared that the label "XLL" would persist, and perhaps become the name of a new Working Group for XML linking. The XLL design work has already been subdivided into two components: XLink (proper) and XPointer. |
| XMetaL | An Integrated Development Environment (IDE) for XML |
| XMI (XML Metadata Interchange) | The OMG Modeling specifications describe the OMG standards for modeling distributed software architectures and systems along with their CORBA Interfaces. There are three complementary specifications currently available: Unified Modeling Language (UML), Meta-Object Facility (MOF), and XML Metadata Interchange (XMI). |
| XML | A data format for structured document interchange that is more flexible than HTML. While HTML's tags are predefined, XML allows tags to be defined by the developer of the page. Thus, XML-defined Web pages can function like database records. |
| XML Authority | A solution for the creation, conversion, and management of DTDs and XML schemas. |
| XML Canon | XML Canon is a web-based XML development platform |
| XML Console | XML Canon is a web-based XML development platform |
| XML Dialect | Any "flavor" of XML defined by a DTD that is designed to support a specialized purpose, such as BIOML (BIOpolymer Markup Language), CML (Chemical Markup Language), MathML, CDF, TalkML (an experimental XML for voice browsers), XFRML, etc. |
| XML Instance | XML Instance is a schema-driven XML editor |
| XML Query | XML Instance is a schema-driven XML editor |
| XML Schema | XML Schemas express shared vocabularies and allow machines to carry out rules made by people. They provide a means for defining the structure, content and semantics of XML documents. |
| XML Spy | The first true IDE for XML |
| XML-Data | Schemas define the characteristics of classes of objects. This paper describes an XML vocabulary for schemas, that is, for defining and documenting object classes. It can be used for classes which as strictly syntactic (for example, XML) or those which indicate concepts and relations among concepts (as used in relational databases, KR graphs and RDF). The former are called "syntactic schemas;" the latter "conceptual schemas." |
| XML Object Model | An API that defines a standard way in which developers can interact with the elements of the XML structured tree. The object model controls how users communicate with trees, and exposes all tree elements as objects, which can be accessed without any return trips to the server. The XML OM uses the W3C standard Document Object Model. |
| XML-QL | The availability of large amounts
of data on the Web raises several issues that the XML standard does not
address. In particular, what techniques and tools should exist for extracting
data from large XML documents, for translating XML data between different
ontologies (DTD's), for integrating XML data from multiple XML sources,
and for transporting large amounts of XML data to clients or for sending
queries to XML sources.
We propose a query language for XML, called XML-QL, as one possible answer to these questions. The language has a SELECT-WHERE construct, like SQL, and borrows features of query languages recently developed by the database research community for semistructured data. |
| XML-RPC | A spec and a set of implementations
that allow software running on disparate operating systems, running in
different environments to make procedure calls over the Internet.
It's remote procedure calling using HTTP as the transport and XML as the encoding. XML-RPC is designed to be as simple as possible, while allowing complex data structures to be transmitted, processed and returned. |
| xml-stylesheet | This document allows a style sheet to be associated with an XML document by including one or more processing instructions with a target of xml-stylesheet in the document's prolog. |
| xml4j (XML Parser for Java) | XML Parser for Java is a validating XML parser written in 100% pure Java. |
| XMOP | A set of components that allows the interoperation between object technologies such as Java, Microsoft COM, and CORBA. This means that objects can be transported between different object systems (COM and Java) and different Java VMs (Microsoft's and Sun's). |
| XMTP (XML Mail Transport Protocol) | A mapping of MIME/SMTP to XML. |
| XOTcl (Extended Object Tcl) | An object-oriented scripting language based on MIT's OTcl. |
| XPath | The primary purpose of XPath is to address parts of an XML [XML] document. In support of this primary purpose, it also provides basic facilities for manipulation of strings, numbers and booleans. XPath uses a compact, non-XML syntax to facilitate use of XPath within URIs and XML attribute values. XPath operates on the abstract, logical structure of an XML document, rather than its surface syntax. XPath gets its name from its use of a path notation as in URLs for navigating through the hierarchical structure of an XML document. |
| XPointer | This specification defines the
XML Pointer Language (XPointer), the language to be used as the basis for
a fragment identifier for any URI reference that locates a resource of
Internet media type text/xml or application/xml.
XPointer, which is based on the XML Path Language (XPath), supports addressing into the internal structures of XML documents. It allows for examination of a hierarchical document structure and choice of its internal parts based on various properties, such as element types, attribute values, character content, and relative position. |
| XQL (XML Query Language) | A notation for addressing and
filtering the elements and text of XML documents.
XQL is a natural extension to the XSL pattern syntax. It provides a concise, understandable notation for pointing to specific elements and for searching for nodes with particular characteristics. |
| XQuery (A unified syntax for linking and querying general XML documents) | This document proposes a query language syntax for XML documents, called XQuery. Such a query language has quite different requirements than traditional languages; much more different than is commonly appreciated. Many past proposals have taken a basically relational query language (typically SQL), and modified it by the addition of a few constructs: typically a "contains" operator and some features for matching strings within text chunks against regexes, or against word-roots. Such features, while needed, are not enough. The hard problem arises because the most basic design principles of relational databses, do not hold for XML documents. |
| XSchema | The W3C has accepted XSchema, now retitled Document Definition Markup Language (DDML), as a submission. |
| XSDL (XML Schema Definition Language.) | |
| XSL (Extensible Stylesheet Language) | It consists of two parts:
1. XSL Transformations (XSLT): a language for transforming XML documents 2. XSL Formatting Objects (XSL FO): XML vocabulary for specifying formatting semantics. |
| XSL FO | The second half of the Extensible
Stylesheet Language (XSL).
XSL-FO is an XML application describing how pages will look when presented to a reader. |
| XSLT (XSL Transformations) | XSLT is a language for transforming XML documents into other XML documents. |
| XSLTracer | A debugging tool that enables
to visualize the processing of an XML file.
A Cocoon's technology for building web applications based on dynamic XML content. |
| XSP (eXtensible Server Pages) | Cocoon's technology for building web applications based on dynamic XML content. |
| XSQL | Oracle XSQL Pages are templates
that allow anyone familiar with SQL to declaratively:
- Assemble dynamic XML "datapages" based on one or more parametrized SQL queries - Transform the "datapage" to produce a final result in any desired XML, HTML, or Text-based format using an associated XSLT Transformation. |
| XSU | The Oracle XML SQL Utility (XSU)
provides the user with the following functionality:
- Generate an XML document (string or DOM) given a SQL query or a JDBC ResultSet object. - Extract the data from an XML document, then insert the data into a DB table, update a DB table, or delete corresponding data from a DB table. |
| XTMXML Topic Maps) | An XML grammar for interchanging Web-based Topic Maps. |
| XUIL(XML-based User Interface Language) | An XML grammar for interchanging Web-based Topic Maps. |
| XXX(eXperimental Xml leXer) | Experimental software for implementing XML parsers |
| Zope | an Open Source web application server |
| ZVON | Zvon has two relevant meanings
in Czech. Firstly, it means a bell. Zvon is also used as a name for a plunger,
a device used to clear clogged pipes.
XML and other techniques demonstrated at Zvon are tools that help clean information channels. Information pipes which connect people are filled with ballast of incompatible formats and programs which can be repaired only by an experienced plumber. We believe that our site will help to make this cleaning more efficient and affordable |
PS: The above terms have been taken from various websites which I believe
did not have a copywrite. But if you think that the information is a copywriite
then please email me at eagarwal@ittc.ukans.edu.